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Comprehensive Biochemistry Resource

Unlock the Secrets of Amino Acids and Proteins

Explore how these building blocks of life form the basis of all biological processes—from peptide bond formation to protein folding, and the implications in health and disease.

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In-depth Topics
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Scientific References
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Core Categories
Featured Topics

Essential Concepts in Protein Science

Dive deep into the fundamental principles that govern how amino acids form peptides, how proteins fold, and what happens when this process goes wrong.

Peptide Bonds & Structure

Peptide Bond Resonance

The peptide bond exhibits resonance between a neutral form (C=O, C-N) and a zwitterionic form (C-O⁻, C=N⁺). This delocalization imparts partial double-bond character to the C-N lin...

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Peptide Bonds & Structure

Cis-Trans Isomerization in Proline

Cis-trans isomerization in proline is a unique phenomenon arising from the cyclic nature of the pyrrolidine side chain. Unlike other amino acids where trans is favored 1000:1, prol...

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Peptide Bonds & Structure

Polyproline II (PPII) Helix Structure

The Polyproline II (PPII) helix is a left-handed, extended secondary structure (n=3 residues/turn, rise ≈ 3.1 Å) defined by backbone dihedral angles of φ ≈ -75° and ψ ≈ +145°. Unli...

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Protein Folding

Protein Folding Thermodynamics

Protein folding is driven by the minimization of Gibbs free energy (ΔG), where the native state represents the global thermodynamic minimum. The primary driver is the hydrophobic e...

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Protein Folding

Chaperone-Assisted Protein Folding

Molecular chaperones ensure proteins achieve their functional 3D conformations without aggregating. Key systems include Hsp70, Chaperonins (GroEL-GroES), and Hsp90, operating via A...

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Protein Folding

Co-translational Protein Folding

Co-translational folding describes the process where a nascent polypeptide begins acquiring its 3D structure while still being synthesized by the ribosome. This vectorial process p...

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What You'll Learn

A Complete Journey Through Protein Science

Whether you're a student beginning to explore biochemistry, a researcher deepening your knowledge, or a professional staying current with the field, our comprehensive articles cover every aspect of amino acid and protein science.

In-depth scientific content with clear explanations
Primary literature references for further study
Coverage from fundamentals to cutting-edge research
Topics on therapeutic strategies and drug development

Amino Acid Chemistry

Understand the 20 standard amino acids, their side chain properties, stereochemistry, and how they determine protein behavior.

Peptide Bond Formation

Learn about resonance structures, bond geometry, and the mechanisms by which amino acids link to form polypeptide chains.

Protein Folding

Explore thermodynamics, chaperone systems, and the energy landscape that guides proteins to their native conformations.

Disease Mechanisms

Discover how protein misfolding leads to amyloid formation, prion propagation, and neurodegenerative diseases.

Start Your Learning Journey

Ready to Master Protein Science?

Explore our comprehensive collection of articles covering everything from basic amino acid chemistry to advanced therapeutic strategies targeting protein aggregation kinetics.